La siguiente reseña explora el libro más reciente del historiador Tomás Pérez Vejo, el cual se adentra en un relato de nación construido a partir de los acervos pictóricos. El imaginario visual que se construye desde las exposiciones y críticas de pintura marca un ciclo crístico de nacimientos, tormentos, liberaciones y resurrecciones, cuyo interés primordial es su poderosa impronta en la historia oficial nacional y en cómo esta permea aún el presente.

Since Darwin, Biology has been framed on the idea of evolution by natural selection, which has profoundly influenced the scientific and philosophical comprehension of biological phenomena and of our place in Nature. This book argues that contemporary biology should progress towards and revolve around an even more fundamental idea, that of autonomy. Biological autonomy describes living organisms as organised systems, which are able to self-produce and self-maintain as integrated entities, to establish their own goals and norms, and to promote the (...) conditions of their existence through their interactions with the environment. Topics covered in this book include organisation and biological emergence, organisms, agency, levels of autonomy, cognition, and a look at the historical dimension of autonomy. The current development of scientific investigations on autonomous organisation calls for a theoretical and philosophical analysis. This can contribute to the elaboration of an original understanding of life - including human life - on Earth, opening new perspectives and enabling fecund interactions with other existing theories and approaches. This book takes up the challenge. (shrink)

This paper argues that epistemic errors rooted in group- or identity- based biases, especially those pertaining to disability, are undertheorized in the literature on medical error. After sketching dominant taxonomies of medical error, we turn to the field of social epistemology to understand the role that epistemic schemas play in contributing to medical errors that disproportionately affect patients from marginalized social groups. We examine the effects of this unequal distribution through a detailed case study of ableism. There are four primary (...) mechanisms through which the epistemic schema of ableism distorts communication between nondisabled physicians and disabled patients: testimonial injustice, epistemic overconfidence, epistemic erasure, and epistemic derailing. Measures against epistemic injustices in general and against schema-based medical errors in particular are ultimately issues of justice that must be better addressed at all levels of health care practice. (shrink)

La arqueología ha revelado recientemente la existencia de una importante revitalización urbana en Córdoba durante el Califato Almohade, apenas tratada hasta ahora por la historiografía, centrada principalmente en su pasado omeya. Por un lado, se ha observado una importante inversión del poder almohade en elementos defensivos y palatinos, acaso por tratarse en estas fechas de un centro fundamental en la conceptualización histórica de al-Andalus y en la lucha contra los reinos cristianos; por otro, se ha documentado un importante crecimiento orgánico (...) y privado extramuros. Todo ello coincidió con su elección como capital andalusí en 557/1162 por ‘Abd al-Mu’min, lo que suponía un hito fundamental para la legitimación de su nuevo califato. Tras su muerte pocos meses después, Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf hizo regresar la corte a Sevilla, creando un importante cambio de rumbo en la política almohade que no afectó al resurgir urbano de la antigua sede omeya. En realidad, Córdoba seguiría muy presente en la mentalidad colectiva andalusí durante el gobierno almohade, manteniéndose como referente principal del esplendor pasado y como núcleo esencial de la tradición mālikī. (shrink)

Der englische Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheoretiker William Whewell (1794-1866) geht davon aus, daß das Phänomen der Entdeckung, Entstehung, Formulierung, Verbesserung und Verwerfung wissenschaftlicher Theorien weder mit dem Instrumentarium des Empirismus noch mit dem des Rationalismus erklärbar ist. Mit der Annahme eines kritischen Realismus, im Anschluß an Kants theoretische Philosophie und manche Aspekte des kritischen Rationalismus von Popper vorwegnehmend, stellt Whewell erneut die Frage nach der Möglichkeit nicht-analytischer, allgemeiner und doch notwendig geltender Aussagen über die Welt auf. Whewell lehnt aber die Lösung (...) Kants einer transzendentalen Deduktion der Verstandesbegriffe ab und bietet eine moderne Antwort an, ohne die historizistischen Züge des Nachkantischen Idealismus anzunehmen. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar las llamadas Achaica de Polibio (2.37-70). Se propone dejar de lado indemostrables hipótesis, tanto sobre una escritura independiente, como también con respecto a la supuesta inserción tardía e inorgánica de este texto en las Historias. En cambio, se busca relacionar las Achaica con la situación histórica en Grecia en ca. 150 a.C. a fin de entender la construcción discursiva de una imagen internacional de los aqueos fundada en una fama histórica de pístis y (...) philanthropía como una respuesta del historiador aqueo a una situación amenazante contemporánea sobre la Confederación aquea por parte de Roma. (shrink)

En este breve comentario discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación de la epistemología de Davidson que sugiere Willian Duica en su reciente libro. Luego de una presentación somera del libro me centro en tres asuntos centrales de la interpretación de Duica. En primer lugar, argumento que su lectura de la crítica de Davidson al dualismo esquema/contenido es muy restrictiva y deja abierta la posibilidad de un realismo directo empirista. En segundo lugar, argumento que en su lectura el propio Duica se (...) compromete inadvertidamente con un empirismo de este tipo y, de este modo, su interpretación entra en tensión con el coherentismo de Davidson. Finalmente, discuto algunos aspectos de la interpretación que hace Duica de la tesis davidsoniana de la triangulación. In this short comment I discuss some aspects of William Duica's interpretation of Davidson's epistemology in a recent book. After a brief review of the book, I focus on three central issues of Duica's interpretation. First, I argue that his reading of Davidson's criticism of the scheme/content dualism is too restrictive and leaves open the possibility of an empiricist direct realism. Second, I argue in his reading Duica inadvertently commits himself to an empiricism of this sort and, as a result, his interpretation is in tension with Davidson's own coherentism. Finally, I discuss some aspects of Duica's interpretation of Davidsonian triangulation. (shrink)

If $\mathcal{F}$ is a filter on $\omega$, we say that $\mathcal{F}$ is Canjar if the corresponding Mathias forcing does not add a dominating real. We prove that any Borel Canjar filter is $F_{\sigma}$, solving a problem of Hrušák and Minami. We give several examples of Canjar and non-Canjar filters; in particular, we construct a $\mathsf{MAD}$ family such that the corresponding Mathias forcing adds a dominating real. This answers a question of Brendle. Then we prove that in all the “classical” models (...) of $\mathsf{ZFC}$ there are $\mathsf{MAD}$ families whose Mathias forcing does not add a dominating real. We also study ideals generated by branches, and we uncover a close relation between Canjar ideals and the selection principle $S_{\mathrm{fin}}$ on subsets of the Cantor space. (shrink)

Since Darwin it is widely accepted that natural selection (NS) is the most important mechanism to explain how biological organisms—in their amazing variety—evolve and, therefore, also how the complexity of certain natural systems can increase over time, creating ever new functions or functional structures/relationships. Nevertheless, the way in which NS is conceived within Darwinian Theory already requires an open, wide enough, functional domain where selective forces may act. And, as the present paper will try to show, this becomes even more (...) evident if one looks into the problem of origins. If there was a time when NS was not operating (as it is quite reasonable to assume), where did that initial functional diversity, necessary to trigger off the process, come from? Self-organization processes may be part of the answer, as many authors have claimed in recent years, but surely not the complete one. We will argue here that a special type of self-maintaining organization, arising from the interplay among a set of different endogenously produced constraints (pre-enzymatic catalysts and primitive compartments included), is required for the appearance of functional diversity in the first place. Starting from that point, NS can progressively lead to new (and, at times, also more complex) organizations that, in turn, provide wider functional variety to be selected for, enlarging in this way the range of action and consequences of the mechanism of NS, in a kind of mutually enhancing effect. (shrink)

Nos proponemos analizar el pensamiento de Álvaro García Linera, uno de los intelectuales más interesantes en lengua española, y que mayor difusión está teniendo en los últimos tiempos. Para ello, tomaremos como punto de referencia cuatro de las ideas centrales dentro de la filosofía del boliviano: proyecto político, estado, hegemonía y dominación (analizando las dos últimas de manera conjunta). Comenzaremos exponiendo las influencias de García Linera, así como las peculiaridades de sus planteamientos, para centrarnos posteriormente en la etapa de su (...) producción intelectual más reciente, y acabar con una conclusión que mencionará también algunas de las críticas más importantes que se han vertido hacia el antiguo vicepresidente. (shrink)

El presente texto versa sobre la reflexión teórica del ser de la mujer latinoamericana desde una perspectiva dusseliana, de manera que el objetivo del artículo radica en la comprensión filosófica de lo que significa ser y estar como mujer latinoamericana, además de concebir los aportes y retos que nutren dicha reflexión. Por tal motivo se encontrará: primero una justificación de la pertinencia de esta reflexión mediante una breve contextualización de la situación actual de la mujer en América Latina; segundo, una (...) síntesis del aporte de Enrique Dussel que, sin duda alguna, es un análisis que nace del método analéctico ; tercero, dado que el reto está en dilucidar la afirmación del ser que ha sido negado para llegar a comprenderlo, propongo tres postulados que retroalimentan el problema de investigación. (shrink)

This paper seeks a legal approach to the question of the implications of various religious beliefs in food. To begin with, it will be made a descriptive analysis of how the religious event influences and conditions the food consumption of believers, approaching both the three majoritarian or most representative religions of our country as well as several minority religions. Next, we will go on to observe and point out the obligations arising from Spanish Law regarding this aspect. Finally, once these (...) two areas have been analyzed and with what they illustrate, we will focus the main objective of this study giving our opinion on whether this is an issue that depends on the Law and that depend on a legislator or if, on the contrary, it is a question that belongs more to the internal sphere of citizens. (shrink)

La revolución digital de trasfondo transhumanista en la que estamos inmersos plantea un escenario de robotización también de la función jurisdiccional. El uso intensivo de Big Data e Inteligencia Artificial (IA) abriría la posibilidad de que sean las máquinas quienes razonen jurídicamente y sean -en definitiva- quienes tomen las decisiones dirimentes de los conflictos sociales so capa de una mayor rapidez, objetividad y predictibilidad; en definitiva, dada su evidente eficiencia en comparación con los juzgadores humanos. Sin embargo, conviene examinar atentamente (...) las limitaciones de la IA aplicada a la argumentación jurídica. Merece la pena recapacitar acerca de la idoneidad social de una eventualidad tal. Se concluye escuchando voces autorizadas que se han pronunciado al respecto, cuestionando la existencia de una ‘justicia transhumanista’, pues el uso intensivo y extensivo de la IA no dejaría de ser una capitulación de la ciencia jurídica. Ahora bien, un uso encuadrado dentro de sus posibilidades abre una oportunidad para el mejor razonamiento jurídico y la extensión de los métodos de resolución de conflictos alternativos a la jurisdicción estatal. (shrink)

This article shows the results of an investigation registered in the field of pedagogy. The scenario and starting point to situate our company is the fact of knowing that the subordination of education is increasingly greater than the mechanisms of the free market economy; besides that, a real reform of the education will not be carried out if the elements for the construction of the professional identity of the educator are not analyzed in depth, we think that a substantial reform (...) of the educative system involves the reconstruction of the educator's identity from the perspective philosophical, for this reason our goal is to help uncover the educator reason to be, that is, to expose –in front of present concealment– his identity, as well as to explain the keys of constitution of the educational act. (shrink)

In this paper, some novel analytical and numerical techniques are introduced for solving and analyzing nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations that are associated to some strongly nonlinear oscillators such as a quadratically damped pendulum equation. Two different analytical approximations are obtained: for the first approximation, the ansatz method with the help of Chebyshev approximate polynomial is employed to derive an approximation in the form of trigonometric functions. For the second analytical approximation, a novel hybrid homotopy with Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky method is introduced (...) for the first time for analyzing the evolution equation. For the numerical approximation, both the finite difference method and Galerkin method are presented for analyzing the strong nonlinear quadratically damped pendulum equation that arises in real life, such as nonlinear phenomena in plasma physics, engineering, and so on. Several examples are discussed and compared to the Runge–Kutta numerical approximation to investigate and examine the accuracy of the obtained approximations. Moreover, the accuracy of all obtained approximations is checked by estimating the maximum residual and distance errors. (shrink)

Barrero, Tomás Andrés. “Aserción, expresión y acción. Una lectura de J. L. Austin.” Dianoia 60.74 (2015): 81-107.

Any plausibly just market exchange must balance two conflicting moral considerations: non-worseness (Wertheimer, 1999) and euvoluntariness (true voluntariness; Munger, 2011). We propose an analytical theory of just market exchange that partly resolves this conflict.

El presente artículo aborda la relación entre ética y educación, tomando como referencia la teoría de los Derechos Humanos y la educación en valores. Para ello, resulta imprescindible comenzar con un acercamiento filosófico a la fundamentación, historia y críticas en torno a los DD.HH. Posteriormente, pasaremos a examinar la carga ética de la LOMLOE y de la asignatura de Educación en Valores Cívicos y Éticos, ya que creemos haber encontrado en ambas un marco idóneo para la aplicación de principios presentes (...) en la tradición filosófica, que contribuyen a la formación de ciudadanos conscientes de los derechos y deberes que les vinculan a su comunidad. (shrink)

Marcus William Hunt argues that when co-parents disagree over whether to raise their child (or children) as a vegan, they should reach a compromise as a gift given by one parent to the other out of respect for his or her authority. Josh Millburn contends that Hunt’s proposal of parental compromise over veganism is unacceptable on the ground that it overlooks respect for animal rights, which bars compromising. However, he contemplates the possibility of parental compromise over ‘unusual eating,’ of animal-based (...) foods obtained without the violation of animal rights. I argue for zero parental compromise, rejecting a rights-oriented approach, and propose a policy that an ethical vegan parent and a non-vegan co-parent should follow to determine how to raise their children. (shrink)

A spellbinding look at the philosophical and moral implications of animal dreaming Are humans the only dreamers on Earth? What goes on in the minds of animals when they sleep? When Animals Dream brings together behavioral and neuroscientific research on animal sleep with philosophical theories of dreaming. It shows that dreams provide an invaluable window into the cognitive and emotional lives of nonhuman animals, giving us access to a seemingly inaccessible realm of animal experience. David Peña-Guzmán uncovers evidence of (...) animal dreaming throughout the scientific literature, suggesting that many animals run “reality simulations” while asleep, with a dream-ego moving through a dynamic and coherent dreamscape. He builds a convincing case for animals as conscious beings and examines the thorny scientific, philosophical, and ethical questions it raises. Once we accept that animals dream, we incur a host of moral obligations and have no choice but to rethink our views about who animals are and the interior lives they lead. A mesmerizing journey into the otherworldly domain of nonhuman consciousness, When Animals Dream carries profound implications for contemporary debates about animal cognition, animal ethics, and animal rights, challenging us to regard animals as beings who matter, and for whom things matter. (shrink)

This article proposes a reading of digital citizenships as these are shifting from a historical and conceptual perspective. We developed the following steps to carry it out: first, a problematization of the concept of digital citizenship from a critical-historical reading, betting on a complex understanding of it that assumes interactions between public and private spheres; second, taking into account aspects of the technology’s philosophy, we analyze the relationship between young people and politics through Twitter, and finally, a proposal of prejudices (...) configuration and modelling that can occur in this new public-private sphere based on some aspects seen in the second round of the 2018 Colombian presidential campaign. One of the conclusions we reached is that Twitter is a sociotechnical network that generates a shifting form of connection between the private and public spheres, where young people have assemblage and can generate resistance to the modelling imposed by political campaigns. (shrink)

Este artículo se propone realizar un análisis histórico, filosófico y político de la concepción del comunismo de Jean-Luc Nancy (1940-2021). Con ese fin, se toma como referencia una serie de textos del autor, publicados entre 1986 y 2021, donde la cuestión del comunismo es abordada en relación con temáticas tales como el totalitarismo, la comunidad, lo común, la literatura, la democracia y la civilización capitalista. A lo largo del trabajo se indaga el desarrollo de su planteo hasta el momento en (...) que alcanza su forma más o menos definitiva, a mediados de la década del 2000, en el marco del debate sobre “la Idea del comunismo” (Alain Badiou). La interpretación de la posición que Nancy adopta en este debate de alcance internacional desemboca en los dos principales aportes del artículo. En primer lugar, la caracterización de una comprensión ontológica o existencial del comunismo que se diferencia radicalmente de otros posicionamientos actuales y que no registra antecedentes dentro de las tradiciones teóricas comunistas. En segundo lugar, la identificación de un umbral en el pensamiento de Nancy, y por extensión en el pensamiento contemporáneo, donde el sentido del “comunismo”, como la exigencia de otorgar un valor inestimable a cada existencia, se comunica con la búsqueda de otro “espíritu” para nuestro tiempo. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to present a formalization of the language, semantics and axiomatization of justification logic in Coq. We present proofs in a natural deduction style derived from the axiomatic approach of justification logic. Additionally, we present possible world semantics in Coq based on Fitting models to formalize the semantic satisfaction of formulas. As an important result, with this implementation, it is possible to give a proof of soundness for $\mathsf{L}\mathsf{P}$ with respect to Fitting models.

Firstly we consider the new results about enzymatic capabilities in the RNA. In this framework we analyse the sequence-folding duality as a precursor of the genotype/phenotype duality. We discuss then which are the evolutive potentialities and limitations for a system with the absence and the presence of a nucleic acid to proteins translator code. We study the arise of the code in the living systems as a form of deep interlooking between the logic of the machinery and its hardware, discussing (...) some problems that abstract modelization of this process implies. Finaly we propose to redefine the informational vocabulary usually employed in Molecular Biology. (shrink)

En este artículo sostenemos que el discurso del emprendimiento opera como un dispositivo de individualización de la relación salarial que oculta el fuerte contraste entre el plano ideal –autonomía, independencia subjetiva, éxito– y los obstáculos materiales reales –profundización del endeudamiento, alta proporción de fracaso, precarización–. Analizamos empíricamente dos casos: 1) el Foro de Activación para el Empleo de la Comunidad de Madrid que promueve lo que llamamos el narcisismo competitivo neoliberal; y 2) los contrastes entre el plano ideal y material (...) en los discursos de personas en paro entrevistadas durante 2012 y 2013. Concluimos que las políticas de empleo que promocionan el emprendimiento no resuelven el problema del desempleo sino que, fundamentalmente, sirven para gobernar políticamente la precariedad masiva. Proponemos utilizar las categorías de emprendeudores y de emprendeudamiento para una mejor comprensión sociológica del discurso del emprendimiento.This article argues that the entrepreneurship discourse operates as an individualization apparatus of the wage relation which hides the strong contrast between the ideal level -autonomy, subjective independence, success- and the real material obstacles –deepening of debt, high failure rate, precarization-. Two cases are empirically analyzed: 1) The Activation for Employment Forum organized by Madrid regional government, which promotes what we call competitive neoliberal narcissism; and 2) the contrasts between the ideal level and the material level in the discourses of unemployed people who were interviewed in 2012 and 2013. It is concluded that employment policies that promote entrepreneurship do not solve the problem of unemployment but mainly serve to govern politically the massive precariousness. It is proposed to use the categories of emprendeudores and emprendeudamiento [entrepreneurs + debt category] for a better sociological understanding of the entrepreneurship discourse. (shrink)

The contemporary debate that discusses whether the content of perceptual experience is or not conceptual claims I. Kant as its precursor. Surprisingly, both contenders in this debate do so. The Kantian non conceptualists, R. Hanna and L. Allais, among others, have support their arguments on Kant´s insistence on clearly separating intuitions and concepts and the faculties that make them possible, sensibility and understanding in order to emphasize that, once divided according to their functions, it makes sense to think that experience (...) emerges from the collaboration between those two faculties. In this paper I want to make an argument in favor of the non-conceptualist interpretation of Kant. In a nutshell, my argument goes as follows: If, as the Kantian conceptualists say, concepts already operate in sensibility, why would it be necessary to postulate an independent device that helps close the bridge between sensibility and understanding? Why is there a need for schematism? I will defend the legitimacy of that tertium as a mediator element that resolves the problem of the subsumption of particulars under concepts, and with that I will make an argument for the separability between intuitions and concepts. (shrink)

Las interpretaciones contemporáneas en torno a lo a priori en la filosofía de la ciencia han estado dominadas fundamentalmente por las concepciones semántica y pragmática. El aporte de estas concepciones ha sido significativo, pero han rechazado injustificadamente, a mi modo de ver, el sentido funda..

Change is one of the central aims of professional development for information and communication technologies integration in education. Studies on the use of ICT in education highlights the large investments in infrastructure and professional development, and the limited results in students learning. Teachers’ professional development for ICT integration in education has evolved from the development of technical skills to pedagogical skills and content-related knowledge. The gold standard and design-based approaches have dominated TDP-ICT. This study presents the Change Laboratory method as (...) a formative intervention to motivate teachers to identify and overcome the barriers to ICT integration. The results showed that a professional development intervention based on CL stimulates transformative agency in the participants. Six forms of transformative agency, namely resisting, criticizing, explicating, envisioning, committing to actions, and taking actions, were found during the CL. The transformative agency was essential to motivate teachers to identify and propose a model solution to overcome both first-order and second-order contextual barriers. (shrink)